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Ma cellulose nanofibers (CNF) atha kupezeka kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe monga zomera ndi ulusi wamatabwa.Ma CNF-reinforced thermoplastic resin composites ali ndi zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza mphamvu zamakina.Popeza kuti makina a CNF-reinforced composites amakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa fiber yowonjezera, ndikofunika kudziwa kuchuluka kwa CNF filler mu matrix pambuyo poumba jekeseni kapena extrusion.Tinatsimikizira ubale wabwino pakati pa CNF ndende ndi mayamwidwe a terahertz.Titha kuzindikira kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa CNF pa 1% mfundo pogwiritsa ntchito terahertz time domain spectroscopy.Kuphatikiza apo, tidawunika mawonekedwe a CNF nanocomposites pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha terahertz.
Ma cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwana 100 nm m'mimba mwake ndipo amachokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe monga zomera ndi matabwa1,2.Ma CNF ali ndi mphamvu zamakina apamwamba3, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri4,5,6, malo akulu, komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta pang'ono7,8.Chifukwa chake, akuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zokhazikika komanso zapamwamba pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zida zamagetsi9, zida zamankhwala10 ndi zida zomangira11.Ma Composites olimbikitsidwa ndi UNV ndi opepuka komanso amphamvu.Chifukwa chake, zophatikiza zolimbitsa CNF zitha kuthandiza kuwongolera mafuta pamagalimoto chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo.
Kuti akwaniritse ntchito yapamwamba, kugawa yunifolomu ya CNFs mu matrices a hydrophobic polymer monga polypropylene (PP) n'kofunika.Chifukwa chake, pakufunika kuyesa kosawononga kwa ma kompositi olimbikitsidwa ndi CNF.Kuyesa kosawononga kwa ma polymer composites kwanenedwa12,13,14,15,16.Kuonjezera apo, kuyesa kosawonongeka kwa CNF-reinforced composites zochokera ku X-ray computed tomography (CT) zanenedwa 17.Komabe, ndizovuta kusiyanitsa ma CNF ndi matrices chifukwa cha kusiyana kwazithunzi.Kusanthula kwa zilembo za fluorescent18 ndi kusanthula kwa infrared19 kumapereka mawonekedwe omveka bwino a CNF ndi ma templates.Komabe, titha kungopeza chidziwitso chapamwamba.Choncho, njirazi zimafuna kudula (kuyesa kowononga) kuti mupeze zambiri zamkati.Chifukwa chake, timapereka kuyesa kosawononga kutengera ukadaulo wa terahertz (THz).Mafunde a Terahertz ndi mafunde a electromagnetic okhala ndi ma frequency oyambira 0.1 mpaka 10 terahertz.Mafunde a Terahertz amawonekera kuzinthu.Makamaka, zida za polima ndi matabwa zimawonekera kwa mafunde a terahertz.Kuwunika kwamayendedwe a ma polima amadzimadzi a crystal21 komanso kuyeza kwa kusinthika kwa elastomers22,23 pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya terahertz zanenedwa.Kuphatikiza apo, kuzindikira kwa terahertz kwa kuwonongeka kwa nkhuni komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha tizilombo ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi mu nkhuni kwawonetsedwa24,25.
Tikuganiza kuti tigwiritse ntchito njira yoyesera yosawononga kuti tipeze makina a CNF-reinforced composites pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa terahertz.Mu phunziro ili, tikufufuza mawonekedwe a terahertz a CNF-reinforced composites (CNF/PP) ndikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha terahertz kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa CNF.
Popeza zitsanzo zinakonzedwa ndi jekeseni, zikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi polarization.Pa mkuyu.1 ikuwonetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kufalikira kwa mafunde a terahertz ndi momwe chitsanzocho chimayendera.Kuti atsimikizire kudalira kwa polarization kwa CNFs, katundu wawo wa kuwala anayesedwa malinga ndi vertical (mkuyu 1a) ndi polarization yopingasa (mkuyu 1b).Nthawi zambiri, zofananira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa ma CNF mofanana mu matrix.Komabe, zotsatira za ogwirizana pamiyeso ya THz sizinaphunzire.Miyezo ya mayendedwe ndizovuta ngati kuyamwa kwa terahertz kwa comptibilizer kuli kwakukulu.Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe a THz optical (refractive index ndi coefficient ya mayamwidwe) amatha kukhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa comptibilizer.Kuphatikiza apo, pali homopolymerized polypropylene ndi block polypropylene matrices a CNF composites.Homo-PP ndi polypropylene homopolymer yokhala ndi kuuma kwambiri komanso kukana kutentha.Block polypropylene, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti impact copolymer, imakhala yabwino kukana kuposa homopolymer polypropylene.Kuphatikiza pa homopolymerized PP, chipika PP chilinso ndi zigawo za ethylene-propylene copolymer, ndipo gawo la amorphous lomwe limachokera ku copolymer limagwira ntchito yofanana ndi mphira pakuyamwa modzidzimutsa.Mawonekedwe a terahertz sanafanizidwe.Chifukwa chake, tidayerekeza koyamba mawonekedwe a THz a OP, kuphatikiza cholumikizira.Kuphatikiza apo, tidayerekeza mawonekedwe a terahertz a homopolypropylene ndi block polypropylene.
Chithunzi chojambula cha kuyeza kufalitsa kwa ma CNF-reinforced composites.(a) vertical polarization, (b) polarization yopingasa.
Zitsanzo za chipika PP zinakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) monga compatibilizer (Umex, Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.).Pa mkuyu.2a,b ikuwonetsa THz refractive index yomwe imapezeka polarizations ofukula ndi yopingasa, motsatana.Pa mkuyu.2c, d kuwonetsa mayamwidwe a THz omwe amapezedwa poyimirira ndi yopingasa polarizations, motsatana.Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.2a-2d, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa pakati pa terahertz optical properties (refractive index and absorption coefficient) for vertical and horizontal polarizations.Kuphatikiza apo, ogwirizana alibe zotsatira zochepa pazotsatira za THz mayamwidwe.
Mawonekedwe a ma PP angapo okhala ndi ma compatibilizer osiyanasiyana: (a) refractive index yomwe imapezeka molunjika, (b) refractive index yomwe imapezeka molunjika, (c) coefficient yoyamwa yomwe imapezeka molunjika, ndi (d) mayamwidwe omwe apezeka. m'njira yopingasa.
Kenako tidayeza block-PP yoyera ndi homo-PP yoyera.Pa mkuyu.Zithunzi 3a ndi 3b zikuwonetsa zizindikiro za THz zowoneka bwino za PP zochulukira komanso PP yoyera yofananira, yomwe imapezedwa polarizations ofukula ndi yopingasa, motsatana.Mndandanda wa refractive wa block PP ndi homo PP ndi wosiyana pang'ono.Pa mkuyu.Zithunzi 3c ndi 3d zikuwonetsa mayamwidwe a THz a block block PP ndi homo-PP yoyera yomwe imapezedwa polarizations ofukula ndi yopingasa, motsatana.Palibe kusiyana komwe kunawonedwa pakati pa mayamwidwe a coefficients a block PP ndi homo-PP.
(a) block PP refractive index, (b) homo PP refractive index, (c) block PP mayamwidwe coefficient, (d) homo PP mayamwidwe coefficient.
Kuphatikiza apo, tidawunika zophatikiza zolimbikitsidwa ndi CNF.Mu THz miyeso ya CNF-amalimbitsa zophatikizika, m`pofunika kutsimikizira CNF kubalalitsidwa mu nsanganizo.Chifukwa chake, tidayesa koyamba kufalikira kwa CNF m'magulu ophatikizika pogwiritsa ntchito kujambula kwa infrared tisanayeze mawonekedwe a makina ndi terahertz.Konzani magawo osiyanasiyana a zitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito microtome.Zithunzi za infrared zinapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yojambula ya Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) (Frontier-Spotlight400, resolution 8 cm-1, kukula kwa pixel 1.56 µm, kudzikundikira 2 times / pixel, malo oyezera 200 × 200 µm, PerkinElmer).Kutengera ndi njira yomwe Wang et al.17,26 adauza, mapikiselo aliwonse amawonetsa mtengo wopezeka pogawa nsonga ya 1050 cm-1 kuchokera ku cellulose ndi dera la 1380 cm-1 pachimake kuchokera ku polypropylene.Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa zithunzi zowonera kugawidwa kwa CNF mu PP yowerengedwa kuchokera ku coefficient yophatikizika ya CNF ndi PP.Tidawona kuti panali malo angapo pomwe ma CNF anali ophatikizidwa kwambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, coefficient of variation (CV) idawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera zokhala ndi mazenera osiyanasiyana.Pa mkuyu.6 ikuwonetsa ubale pakati pa kukula kwa zenera lazenera ndi CV.
Kugawa kwa magawo awiri a CNF mu PP, kuwerengeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito gawo lophatikizika la CNF mpaka PP: (a) Block-PP/1 wt.% CNF, (b) block-PP/5 wt.% CNF, (c) block -PP/10 wt% CNF, (d) block-PP/20 wt% CNF, (e) homo-PP/1 wt% CNF, (f) homo-PP/5 wt% CNF, (g) homo-PP /10 wt.%% CNF, (h) HomoPP/20 wt% CNF (onani Zowonjezera Zowonjezera).
Ngakhale kufananitsa pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana sikuli koyenera, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 5, tawona kuti CNFs mu block PP ndi homo-PP adawonetsa kubalalitsidwa kwapafupi.Pazinthu zonse, kupatula 1 wt% CNF, ma CV anali ochepera 1.0 otsetsereka pang'ono.Chifukwa chake, amaonedwa kuti ndi omwazika kwambiri.Nthawi zambiri, mitengo ya CV imakhala yokwera pamawindo ang'onoang'ono pazambiri zotsika.
Ubale wapakati pa kukula kwa zenera la sefa ndi kuchuluka kwa coefficient ya coefficient yoyamwitsa: (a) Block-PP/CNF, (b) Homo-PP/CNF.
Ma terahertz optical properties a kompositi olimbikitsidwa ndi CNFs apezedwa.Pa mkuyu.6 ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe amtundu wamagulu angapo a PP/CNF okhala ndi ma CNF osiyanasiyana.Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.6a ndi 6b, kawirikawiri, terahertz refractive index of block PP ndi homo-PP imawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa CNF.Komabe, zinali zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa zitsanzo ndi 0 ndi 1 wt.% chifukwa cha kuphatikizika.Kuphatikiza pa refractive index, tidatsimikiziranso kuti mayamwidwe a terahertz a kuchuluka kwa PP ndi homo-PP akuwonjezeka ndikuwonjezeka kwa CNF.Kuonjezera apo, tikhoza kusiyanitsa pakati pa zitsanzo ndi 0 ndi 1 wt.% pa zotsatira za coefficient mayamwidwe, mosasamala kanthu za njira ya polarization.
Mawonekedwe azinthu zingapo za PP/CNF zokhala ndi ma CNF osiyanasiyana: (a) refractive index of block-PP/CNF, (b) refractive index of homo-PP/CNF, (c) mayamwidwe a block-PP/CNF, ( d) mayamwidwe coefficient homo-PP/UNV.
Tidatsimikizira ubale wapakati pakati pa kuyamwa kwa THz ndi ndende ya CNF.Ubale pakati pa CNF ndende ndi THz mayamwidwe coefficient ikuwonetsedwa Fig.7.Zotsatira za block-PP ndi homo-PP zidawonetsa ubale wabwino pakati pa kuyamwa kwa THz ndi ndende ya CNF.Chifukwa cha mzere wabwino uwu ukhoza kufotokozedwa motere.Kutalika kwa ulusi wa UNV ndi wocheperako kuposa mtundu wa terahertz wavelength.Chifukwa chake, palibe kufalikira kwa mafunde a terahertz pachitsanzocho.Kwa zitsanzo zomwe sizibalalika, kuyamwa ndi kukhazikika kumakhala ndi ubale wotsatira (lamulo la Beer-Lambert)27.
kumene A, ε, l, ndi c ndi kuyamwa, kuyamwa kwa molar, kutalika kwa njira yowunikira kudzera mu matrix a zitsanzo, ndi kukhazikika, motsatana.Ngati ε ndi l ali osasinthasintha, kuyamwa kumayenderana ndi ndende.
Ubale pakati pa mayamwidwe mu THz ndi CNF ndende ndi mzere wokwanira wopezedwa ndi njira yocheperako: (a) Block-PP (1 THz), (b) Block-PP (2 THz), (c) Homo-PP (1 THz) , (d) Homo-PP (2 THz).Mzere wokhazikika: mizere yocheperako yokwanira.
Zomwe zimapangidwira zamagulu a PP / CNF zidapezedwa pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za CNF.Kwa mphamvu yolimba, mphamvu yopindika, ndi kupindika modulus, chiwerengero cha zitsanzo chinali 5 (N = 5).Kwa mphamvu yamphamvu ya Charpy, kukula kwachitsanzo ndi 10 (N = 10).Miyezo iyi ili molingana ndi miyezo yoyeserera yowononga (JIS: Miyezo Yamafakitale yaku Japan) yoyezera mphamvu zamakina.Pa mkuyu.Chithunzi 8 chikuwonetsa kugwirizana pakati pa makina opangira zinthu ndi CNF, kuphatikizapo ziwerengero zomwe zimaganiziridwa, kumene ziwembu zinachokera ku 1 THz curve calibration yomwe ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 8. 7a, p.Ma curve adakonzedwa molingana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa kukhazikika (0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt. ndi 20% wt.)Malo obalalitsa amakonzedwa pa graph ya zowerengera zowerengera motsutsana ndi zida zamakina pa 0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt.ndi 20% wt.
Makina a block-PP (mzere wolimba) ndi homo-PP (mzere wodukaduka) monga ntchito ya CNF concentration, CNF concentration mu block-PP yoyerekeza kuchokera ku THz mayamwidwe coefficient yotengedwa kuchokera vertical polarization (makona atatu), CNF concentration mu block- PP PP Mlingo wa CNF umayerekezedwa kuchokera ku THz mayamwidwe coefficient omwe amachokera ku horizontal polarization (mabwalo), ndende ya CNF mu PP yofananira ikuyerekezedwa kuchokera ku THz mayamwidwe kokwanira yotengedwa kuchokera ku vertical polarization (diamondi), kuchuluka kwa CNF mu zofananira. PP ikuyerekezedwa kuchokera ku THz yopezedwa kuchokera ku polarization yopingasa Estimated coefficient mayamwidwe (mabwalo): (a) mphamvu yamakomedwe, (b) flexural mphamvu, (c) flexural modulus, (d) Charpy impact mphamvu.
Kawirikawiri, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 8, makina opangidwa ndi block polypropylene composites ndi abwino kuposa homopolymer polypropylene composites.Mphamvu yamphamvu ya PP block malinga ndi Charpy imachepa ndikuwonjezeka kwa CNF.Pankhani ya block PP, pamene PP ndi CNF-containing masterbatch (MB) zinasakanizidwa kuti zikhale zophatikizana, CNF inapanga zomangira ndi unyolo wa PP, komabe, maunyolo ena a PP adagwidwa ndi copolymer.Kuphatikiza apo, kubalalitsidwa kumaponderezedwa.Zotsatira zake, copolymer yotengera mphamvu imalepheretsedwa ndi ma CNF osakwanira omwazika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwamphamvu.Pankhani ya homopolymer PP, CNF ndi PP zimabalalika bwino ndipo mawonekedwe a netiweki a CNF amaganiziridwa kuti ali ndi udindo wowongolera.
Kuphatikiza apo, zowerengera za CNF zowerengeka zimakonzedwa pamakhoma owonetsa ubale pakati pa makina amakina ndi ndende yeniyeni ya CNF.Zotsatirazi zidapezeka kuti sizidalira polarization ya terahertz.Choncho, tikhoza kufufuza mopanda kuwonongeka kwa makina a CNF-reinforced composites, mosasamala kanthu za terahertz polarization, pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso ya terahertz.
Ma CNF-reinforced thermoplastic resin composites ali ndi zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza mphamvu zamakina.Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makina opangidwa ndi CNF-reinforced composites zimakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa fiber yowonjezera.Tikuganiza kuti tigwiritse ntchito njira yoyesera yosawononga pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha terahertz kuti tipeze makina a kompositi olimbikitsidwa ndi CNF.Tawona kuti zophatikiza zomwe zimawonjezeredwa kumagulu a CNF sizikhudza miyeso ya THz.Titha kugwiritsa ntchito coefficient yoyamwa mumtundu wa terahertz kuti tiwunikire mopanda zowononga zamakanikidwe amitundu yolimba ya CNF, mosasamala kanthu za polarization mumtundu wa terahertz.Kuonjezera apo, njirayi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku UNV block-PP (UNV / block-PP) ndi UNV homo-PP (UNV / homo-PP) composites.Mu phunziro ili, zitsanzo za CNF zophatikizidwa ndi kubalalitsidwa kwabwino zidakonzedwa.Komabe, kutengera momwe zinthu zimapangidwira, ma CNF amatha kukhala omwazika pang'ono m'magulu.Zotsatira zake, makina a CNF composites adawonongeka chifukwa chosabalalika bwino.Terahertz imaging28 ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti musawononge kugawa kwa CNF.Komabe, chidziwitso chakuya chimafupikitsidwa ndikuphatikizidwa.THz tomography24 yomanganso 3D zomanga zamkati zimatha kutsimikizira kugawa kwakuya.Choncho, kujambula kwa terahertz ndi terahertz tomography kumapereka chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chomwe tingathe kufufuza kuwonongeka kwa makina opangidwa ndi CNF inhomogeneity.M'tsogolomu, tikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito kujambula kwa terahertz ndi terahertz tomography kwa magulu a CNF-reinforced.
Dongosolo la kuyeza kwa THz-TDS limakhazikitsidwa ndi laser ya femtosecond (kutentha kwachipinda 25 °C, chinyezi 20%).Femtosecond laser mtengo umagawika kukhala mtengo wapampu ndi mtengo wofufuzira pogwiritsa ntchito chogawanitsa (BR) kuti apange ndikuzindikira mafunde a terahertz, motsatana.Mpweya wa pampu umayang'ana pa emitter (mlongoti wa photoresistive).Mtengo wa terahertz wopangidwa umayang'ana pa tsamba lachitsanzo.Chiuno cha mtengo wa terahertz wokhazikika ndi pafupifupi 1.5 mm (FWHM).Kenako mtengo wa terahertz umadutsamo ndikuphatikizana.Mtengo wosakanikirana umafika pa wolandila (photoconductive antenna).Mu njira yoyezera muyeso ya THz-TDS, gawo lamagetsi lolandila la terahertz la siginecha yolozera ndi chitsanzo chazizindikiro mu nthawi yanthawiyo imasinthidwa kukhala gawo lamagetsi la madera ovuta (motsatira Eref(ω) ndi Esam(ω)), kudzera kusintha kwachangu kwa Fourier (FFT).Ntchito yosinthira zovuta T (ω) imatha kuwonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito equation 29
kumene A ndi chiŵerengero cha matalikidwe a zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro, ndipo φ ndi kusiyana kwa gawo pakati pa zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro.Kenako refractive index n(ω) ndi coefficient ya mayamwidwe α(ω) zitha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma equation awa:
Ma data opangidwa ndi/kapena owunikidwa pa kafukufuku wapano akupezeka kuchokera kwa olemba omwe afunsidwa pazofunikira.
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